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Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ====== PATHOLOGY ANTONYMS ====== ===== git diseases ===== * Gastro intestinal antonym * gastric emptying X delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis) * good cholesterol(hdl) X bad cholesterol (vldl) * absorption X malabsorption * Malabsorption syndrome ... * Digestion x indigestion * Increased gastric acid secretion x decreased gastric secretion * Hypochlorhydria x hyperchlorhydria * incontinence X constipation * egestion X constipation * diarrhea X constipation * increased peristalsis X decreased motility * Catabolism(break) x anabolism (combine or build) * Paralytic ileus x * Gastroparesis x dumping syndrome * Polydipsia x no thirst * Hunger x satiety * Abdominal distension with gas x flatulence * Organ failure x organ function * Liver failure x liver function * * Vomiting complications bilious or non bilious vomiting * At the level of pylorus obstruction * At the level of ileum ===== heart disorders ===== ^ ^ Increased ^ Decreased ^ | blood volume internal only | (hypervolemia) | hypovolemia | | blood flow | hyperaemia | ischemia | | venous return | | congestion(stagnation ) , backward failure | | death vs life | | infarction(deprivation or isolaation) | | tension | hypertension | hypotension | | Blood volume in or out | hemorrhage or shock | excess blood transfusion | | heart process | cardiac arrest | heart beat | | blood supply | | forward failure | * DISORDERS * congestive heart failure X myocardial infarction * aortic aneurysm X aortic stenosis * berry aneurysm(brain) X cerebral infarction * Increased cardiac output x decreased cardiac output * increased contractility x decreased contractility * increased preload x decreased preload * increased afterload x decreased afterload * increased pulmonary capillary pressure x decreased pulmonary capillary pressure * increased mean arterial pressure x decreased mean arterial pressure * Increased peripheral resistance x decreased peripheral resistance * increased AV node conduction x decreased AV node conduction * increased sinus rhythm x decreased sinus rhythm * increased circulation x decreased circulation * increased peripheral resistance x decreased peripheral resistance * hypoplasia of heart x hyperplasia * brown atrophy of heart x hypertrophy of heart * death of heart muscles x heart muscles birth or development * peace x war * invasion x evasion * silent blood flow x blood flow with murmurs * silent closing of gates/valves x closing of gates with sound * silent opening of gates x opening of gates with sound * left bundle branch block x right bundle branch block * block or obstruction x rhythm or flow * sinus rhythm x sinus block (block at SA node) * atrio ventricular rhythm x * Tachycardia x bradycardia * Sinus rhythm x arrythmia * Tachyarrythmia x bradyarrythmia * Electrocardiogram antonym * ST Elevation x st depression * T wave elevated x t wave depressed * R - R Interval increased x r - r interval decreased * Irregular rhythm x regular rhythm * P wave tall x * pr segment * qrs complex x ===== respiratory disorders ===== ^ Physiology ^ Increased ^ Decreased ^ | airway resistance | | | | elastic resistance | increased elastic resistance | decreased elastic resistance | | compliance | | | | partial pressure of oxygen | | | | partial pressure of carbondioxide | | | | ventilation | | | | perfusion | | | | intrapleural pressure | | | | intrathoracic pressure | | | | surface tension | | | | inflation | hyperinflation | hypoinflation | | | | | ^ ^ ^ ^ | | restrictive airway disease | obstructive airway disease | | | turbulent air flow | laminar air flow | | | free passage of air | air trapping in lungs | | | silent breathing | sound breathing | ===== skin disorders ===== * Dermatology * Scattered patches x focussed patch * Hyperpigmentation x hypopigmentation * Dense hair x loss of hair * Rash x smooth * Wet ,water filled or pus filled bulla or nodule x dry or hard or ulcer * Elevated nodule x depressed ulcer ===== BLOOD ANTONYM ===== * Exotoxin x endotoxin * Outside x inside * Heat labile x heat stable * Dna ligase x deoxyribo nuclease * Hemolysis x heme synthesis * Single celled organism x multiple celled organism * Immune system * Artificial immunity x natural immunity * Active immunity x passive immunity * Accquired immunity x innate or immunity since birth * Autoimmunity or immunity against oneself x immunity against bacteria or microbes * Cell production x cell killing * Cell recognition x cell forget * Insecure or risk to cell or harmful.x safety or security or * Polycythemia x pancytopenia * Leucopenia x leucocytosis * Leucopenia x leucocytoosis(seen in tumours of immune cells) * Immunodeficiency x increased immune cells * Intolerance x tolerance * Immume intolerance x * Anemia x increased rbc count * Immunocompetent x immunocompromised * Blast is s producer x clast is a breaker * Osteoblast(bone substance producer) × osteoclast (bone substance breaker) * Fibroblast x fibrocytes * Chondroblast x chondrocytes * Erythroblast x * Megaloblast x * Myeloblast x * Lymphoblast x * Trophoblast x trophic cells * Unipotent(single potency) x pluripotent(plural potency) or multipotent(multiple potency) * Dense connective tissue x loose connective tissue * Stratified epithelium x non stratified or single layer * Short or cuboid or flat x tall or columnar or pseudostratified epithelium * Keratinized x non- keratinized * Dry or scaly epithelium x wet epithelium * Elastic x plastic ===== ENDOCRINE ANTONYM ===== * hypoglycemia X Increased glucose * decreased insulin X increased insulin * hypoglycemia X diabetes mellitus * hypothyroidism X hyperthyroidism * hypothyroidism X grave's disease(hyperthyroidism) * decreased thyroid gland X increased thyroid gland(thyromegaly) * thyromegaly(iodine deficiency or less TSH) X thyromegaly(hyperthyroidism OR More TSH) * hypoparathyroidism X hyperparathyroidism * addison's disease(hypocortisolism) X cushing's disease(hypercortisolism) * hypocortisolism X hypercortisolism * adrenal insufficiency or hypoaldosteronism X primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn's syndrome * degeneration (decreased gland secreting cells) X adenoma(increased gland secreting cells ) * atrophy of adrenal gland X congenital adrenal hyperplasia * rickets(children) or osteomalacia(adults) X BONE TUMOUR(new piece of bone) * atrophy X Hyperplasia * atrophy X hypertrophy * water retention x water excretion or diuresis * anti-diuresis x diuresis * Increased frequency of urine x decreased frequency of urine * Polyria x anuria * Increased glomerular filtration rate x decreased glomerular filtration rate * Increased reabsorption x decreased reabsorption * Counter current flow x flow towards * Flowing in opposite direction x flowing in parallel or same direction * Antiparallel direction x parallel direction * hypoandrogenism(low testosterone) X hyperandrogenism(high testosterone) * hypoestrogenism x hyperestrogenism(high estrogen levels) * Hypogonadism X hypergonadism(hyperfunction of gonads) * gonadotropin deficiency x gonadotropin excess ===== musculoskeletal antonyms ===== * kyphosis X lordosis * valgus(outward angulation) x Varus (medial deviation) * * Foot. pes valgus (from Latin pes = foot) — a medial deviation of the foot at subtalar joint. * Hand: manus valgus (from Latin manus = hand) * Wrist: Madelung's deformity — Wherein the wrist bones are not formed properly due to a genetic disorder. * * Hip: coxa valga (from Latin coxa = hip) — the shaft of the femur is bent outward in respect to the neck of the femur. Coxa valga >125 degrees. Coxa vara <125 degrees. * Hip: coxa vara — the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced, resulting in a limp. * * Knee: genu valgum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned outward in relation to the femur, resulting in a knock-kneed appearance. * Knee: genu varum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned inward in relation to the femur, resulting in a bowlegged deformity. * * Ankle: talipes valgus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) — outward turning of the heel, resulting in a 'flat foot' presentation. * Ankle: talipes equinovarus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) — inward turning of the heel, resulting in clubfoot with the person walking on the outer part of the foot. * * Toe: hallux valgus (from Latin hallux = big toe) — outward deviation of the big toe toward the second toe. Resulting in a bunion. * Toe: hallux varus (Latin hallux = big toe) — inward deviation of the big toe away from the second toe. * * Elbows: cubitus varus (Latin cubitus = elbow) — turned inward elbows * Elbows: cubitus valgus (from Latin cubitus = elbow) — turned-in elbows ORTHOPEDICS - MUSCLES * abduction (abductor) X adduction (adductor) * flexion(flexors of forearm) X extension (extensor of forearm) * pronation(pronator) x supination(supinator) * elevation of scapula(muscle mover) X lowering of scapula(paralysis) * dropped shoulder(Trapezius paralysis) X shrugging of shoulder (trapezius) * gastroparesis(gastro + paresis=paralysis) X gastric emptying or peristalsis of stomach * lock jaw x mastication * wrist drop X Wrist extension * foot drop X Foot extension * ptosis or horner's syndrome X Elevation of * thumb movement (abduction and opposition) X ape hand deformity * partial claw X * Klumpke's paralysis presents with claw hand (C8,T1 lesion) * erb's duchene palsy presents with waiter's tip (C5,C6) lesion * bell's palsy >>>> facial nerve palsy >>>>> lacunar infarct or stroke X facial nerve functions (facial muscles movement) ===== NERVOUS SYSTEM ANTONYMS ===== * ABILITY X DISABILITY * intelligent X mentally retarded * depression X anxiety * phobia(fear) OR PANIC(RUNNING AWAY FROM) X courage OR MANIA(CRAZY) RUNNING TOWARDS IT * Good mood x bad mood * able to memorize x unable to memorize(dementia) * able to remember (memory) x unable to remember (amnesia) * able to control body movements x unable to control body movements (ataxia) * able to speak x unable to speak DUMB * speaking non-sense(aphasia) x speaking sense * ability to articulate speech x inability to articulate speech(dysarthria or anarthria) * able to sleep x unable to sleep (insomnia) * able to hear x unable to hear (DEAF) * able to write x unable to write (agraphia or dysgraphia --- inability to communicate through writing) * able to read x unable to read (dyslexia or alexia- reading disorder) * able to think x unable to think * able to feel touch(sensation) x unable to feel touch (anaesthesia) * able to feel pain(algia) x unable to feel pain(analgesia) * normal controlled body movements x abnormal uncontrolled body movements (athetosis,tremors,tics,chorea,hemiballismus,akathisia) * voluntary muscle movements (self controlled) x involuntary muscle movements (uncontrolled) --- dyskinesias,akinesia * hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movment) x hyperkinesia (intrude with the normal flow of motor activity -REPITITIVE MOVEMENTS includes dyskinesia) * bradykinesia (slow movements and rigidity) X * able to walk in normal gait X unable to walk in normal gait * able to stand in a normal posture x unable to stand in a normal posture * able to recognize x inability to recognize (agnosia,astereognosia,visual agnosia * Inability to sit is akathisia (urge to move ) x sit calmly... * * hypotonia(of muscles - amount of tension or resistance to stretch) x hypertonia (of muscles) * hypotonia also called floppy baby syndrome that is resistance to passive movement... resisting while moved by other person. * less stretch x more stretch * conscious x unconscious * love X hate THE NORMAL SEQUENCE OF VOLUNTARY CONTROL IS * CONTROL CENTRE >>>> MOVES >>>>> MUSCLE >>>>> CONTRACTS >>>> MOVES >>>>> BONE OR JOINT MOVEMENTS * CONTROL CENTRE(DESTROYED) >>>> DOES NOT MOVES >>> MUSCLES >>> DOES NOT CONTRACT >>> DOES NOT MOVE >>> BONE(WALK) * CONTROL CENTRE >>>> TONIC MOVEMENT >>>> MUSCLE >>>> TONIC CONTRACTION >>>>>>> BONE (TONIC MOVEMENT) * CONTROL CENTRE >>>> * WEAK [[LOW TONE(DEAD WEIGHT,FLOPPY,MUSHY) >>>>>>NORMAL MUSCLE TONE >>>> LIGHT,STRONG(HIGH MUSCLE TONE) STRONG * CONTINUOUS X ALTERNATE * CONTINOUS PASSIVE PARTIAL CONTRACTION == MUSCLE TONE OR TONUS * CONTINUOUS PASSIVE PARTIAL CONTRACTION X ALTERNATE ACTIVE FULL CONTRACTION * FLACCIDITY X SPASTICITY OR RIGIDITY * FLACCID(WEAK)HYPOTONIA X SPASM(SPASTIC IS RIGID LIKE STONE OR STRONG) HYPERTONIA * CONTRALATERAL X IPSILATERAL * STRAIGHT X CURVED OR CROSS * PARALLEL X PERPENDICULAR * Good dreams x bad dreams * Flight of ideas x thought blocking * Defence x fight * Laugh x cry * Action x mutism * Sleep x awake * Arousal or alert x disturbed or disoriented * Orientation x disorientation * Nerve fibre tumour x nerve degeneration * Astrocytoma * Schwannoma * Neurofibroma * Brain tumour x brain infarct or degeneration of nerves ===== SENSE ORGANS ===== * Vision X blind * Incorrect vision X correct vision * incorrect vision (refractive error ) X correct vision ( treated eye or refractive error corrected with treatment) * hypermetropia (image far behind the eye) x myopia (image formed infront of eye) * focus shifted backwards or went back X focus shifted forwards or came forwards * In future form to move front x in future form to move back * in future form to move front we use converging focus rays X In future form to move back we use divering focus rays * concave x convex * no light x light * EAR,NOSE AND THROAT * hearing loss or dumb x hearing * INCORRECT HEARING X CORRECT HEARING * presbyopia (old age vision loss) * presbycusis (old age hearing loss) antonym/pathology.txt Last modified: 2024/10/16 14:15by words